Which of the following is NOT a modality of biofeedback?

Cognitive Behavioral Feedback (CBF) is not recognized as a modality of biofeedback. Biofeedback refers to the process of gaining greater awareness of physiological functions through the use of instruments that provide real-time data about the body’s functions such as muscle tension, heart rate, and brain activity.

Electromyography (EMG) measures muscle tension and is widely used in biofeedback training to help individuals manage stress and improve physical performance. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) assesses the variation in time intervals between heartbeats and is utilized to gain insight into autonomic nervous system functioning and emotional regulation. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers insight into brainwave activity, which can be used in neurofeedback applications to help individuals learn to alter their brain activity for improved mental health or cognitive performance.

In contrast, Cognitive Behavioral Feedback does not represent a physical measurement or physiological data derived from the body, and thus does not fit the criteria for biofeedback modalities, which focus primarily on quantifiable biological functions.