Which of the following techniques may be included in the biofeedback training process?

The inclusion of monitoring and modifying heart rate through real-time feedback is central to biofeedback training. This technique allows individuals to gain awareness of their physiological functions and helps them learn how to control these functions through the use of feedback from instrumentation. In this context, clients can observe their heart rate patterns immediately, enabling them to apply relaxation techniques, cognitive strategies, or other interventions aimed at reducing stress or anxiety.

Biofeedback is fundamentally about providing information that facilitates self-regulation of physiological processes, and heart rate is one of the common metrics used in such training. The process helps individuals to develop skills that can lead to increased health and enhanced performance, making this technique a vital part of biofeedback.

In contrast, options that involve only physical exercise without monitoring, strict adherence to medication routines, or ignoring psychological factors do not align with the core principles of biofeedback. These options are more about traditional methods of treatment or lifestyle changes without the intrinsic feedback component that is essential to biofeedback practice.